![]() They're all dated versions, so if you use them regularly you may want to install your own newer version via Homebrew or similar. macOS ships with Perl, Python, and Ruby out of the box. Scripting language support is surprisingly mixed. Some bits require dropping into a programming language. Other stuff is available through a mix of utilities. Some stuff exposed through these filesystems on Linux is available via sysctl(8) in good BSD fashion. One thing I do miss from Linux and other Unix systems is the /proc filesystem (and its friend /sys). ![]() With that said, the system maintains an in-memory cache of some preference file contents these days, so don't edit these plists by hand while the system is running - use x-man-page://1/defaults. Apps and other tools can use C, Objective-C, or Swift APIs to easily access their preferences. Rather than every component maintaining its own preference file format, everything uses the defaults(1) command and stores things in plist(5) format in ~/Library for most things (though apps using the sandboxing technology, which is a security mechanism that tries to solve some of the same problems as jails or namespaces, store their preferences elsewhere). One thing I do very much like about macOS is its preferences system. (Unfortunately, hier(7) is also out of date on macOS, so it's not a great reference for the filesystem layout.) It's logical and well-organized, just different. ![]() A lot of the filesystem layout choices date to NeXTSTEP (or however you want to capitalize it), which is older than Linux itself. MacOS doesn't conform to the Linux FHS or to the XDG Base Directory Standard, so you may find that some things aren't quite where you expect them. lets you make that change directly without editing /etc/nf and risking breaking something with a syntax error. For instance, networksetup -setdnsservers. These things are in different places than you expect from Linux but sometimes they can be simpler.
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